Suchergebnisse

© The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Surveys in Geophysics 38 (2017): 1529–1568, doi:10.1007/s10712-017-9428-0. ; Trade-wind cumuli constitute the cloud type with the highest frequency of occurrence on Earth, and it has been shown that their sensitivity to changing environmental conditions will critically influence the magnitude and pace of future global warming. Research over the last decade has pointed out the importance of the interplay between clouds, convection and circulation in controling this sensitivity. Numerical models represent this interplay in diverse ways, which translates into different responses of trade-cumuli to climate perturbations. Climate models predict that the area covered by shallow cumuli at cloud base is very sensitive to changes in environmental conditions, while process models suggest the opposite. To understand and resolve this contradiction, we propose to organize a field campaign aimed at quantifying the physical properties of trade-cumuli (e.g., cloud fraction and water content) as a function of the large-scale environment. Beyond a better understanding of clouds-circulation coupling processes, the campaign will provide a reference data set that may be used as a benchmark for advancing the modelling and the satellite remote sensing of clouds and circulation. It will also be an opportunity for complementary investigations such as evaluating model convective parameterizations or studying the role of ocean mesoscale eddies in air–sea interactions and convective organization. ; The EUREC4A project is supported by the European Research Council (ERC), under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 694768), by the Max Planck Society and by DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, German Research Foundation) Priority Program SPP 1294.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Alaska and Its People: An Introduction -- I Portraits of Nations: Telling Our Own Story -- Lazeni 'linn Nataełde Ghadghaande: When Russians Were Killed at "Roasted Salmon Place" (Batzulnetas) -- The Fur Rush: A Chronicle of Colonial Life -- Redefining Our Planning Traditions: Caribou Fences, Community, and the Neetsaii Experience -- Memories of My Trap Line -- Cultural Identity through Yupiaq Narrative -- Dena'ina Ełnena: Dena'ina Country: The Dena'ina in Anchorage, Alaska -- Qaneryaramta Egmiucia: Continuing Our Language -- Deg Xinag Oral Traditions: Reconnecting Indigenous Language and Education through Traditional Narratives -- The Alaskan Haida Language Today: Reasons for Hope -- II Empire: Processing Colonization -- Yuuyaraq: The Way of the Human Being -- Angoon Remembers: The Religious Significance of Balance and Reciprocity -- The Comity Agreement: Missionization of Alaska Native People -- Dena'ina Heritage and Representation in Anchorage: A Collaborative Project -- How It Feels to Have Your History Stolen -- Undermining Our Tribal Governments: The Stripping of Land, Resources, and Rights from Alaska Native Nations -- Terra Incognita: Communities and Resource Wars -- Why the Natives of Alaska Have a Land Claim -- A Brief History of Native Solidarity -- III Worldviews: Alaska Native and Indigenous Epistemologies -- A Yupiaq Worldview: A Pathway to Ecology and Spirit -- The Cosmos: Indigenous Perspectives -- Seeing Mathematics with Indian Eyes -- What Is Truth? Where Western Science and Traditional Knowledge Converge -- The Yup'ik and Cup'ik People -- IV Native Arts: A Weaving of Melody and Color -- Ugiuvangmiut Illugiit Atuut: Teasing Cousins Songs of the King Island Iñupiat -- fly by night mythology: An Indigenous Guide to White Man, or How to Stay Sane When the World Makes No Sense -- Kodiak Masks: A Personal Odyssey -- Artifacts in Sound: A Century of Field Recordings of Alaska Natives -- Digital Media as a Means of Self Discovery: Identity Affirmations in Modern Technology -- America's Wretched -- The Alaska Native Arts Festival -- Conflict and Counter-Myth in the Film Smoke Signals -- Alaska Native Literature: An Updated Introduction -- V Ravenstales -- Poems -- Poem -- Living in the Arctic -- Tunnel? . . . What Tunnel? -- Daisy's Best-Ever Moose Stew -- Suggestions for Further Reading -- Acknowledgment of Copyrights -- Index